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<title>Mikhail Chigorin</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mikhail Chigorin</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="East_Slavic_naming_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="East Slavic naming customs">East Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Ivanovich</i> and the <a href="Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Chigorin</i>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div class="fn">Mikhail Chigorin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">12 November 1850<br><a href="Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, <a href="St._Petersburg_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Governorate">St. Petersburg Governorate</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 January 1908<span style="display:none">(1908-01-25)</span> (aged 57)<br><a href="Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, <a href="Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin</b> (also <i>Tchigorin</i>; <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Михаи́л Ива́нович Чиго́рин</span>; 12 November [<a href="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 31 October] 1850 – 25 January [<a href="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 12 January] 1908) was a Russian <a href="Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> player. He played two World Championship matches against <a href="Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a>, losing both times. The last great player of the <a href="Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a> style, he also served as a major source of inspiration for the "<a href="Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a>", which dominated the chess world in the middle and latter parts of the 20th century.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chess_career">Chess career</h2></div>

<p>Chigorin was born in <a href="Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a> but moved to nearby <a href="Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> some time later. His father worked in the Okhtensk gunpowder works. Chigorin's parents died young and Chigorin entered the Gatchinsk Orphans' Institute at the age of 10. He became serious about chess uncommonly late in life; his schoolteacher taught him the moves at the age of 16, but he did not take to the game until around 1874, having first finished his studies before commencing a career as a government officer.

</p><p>Once smitten with the game, he terminated his employment and started life as a chess professional. In 1876, he started a chess magazine, <i>Chess Sheet</i>, which he edited until 1881 (only 250 subscribers in all of Russia). He played a series of matches with established masters <a href="Emanuel_Schiffers" title="Emanuel Schiffers">Emanuel Schiffers</a> (1878–1880) and <a href="Semyon_Alapin" title="Semyon Alapin">Semyon Alapin</a> (1880) and notched up a large plus score against each. It was not long after that he was regarded as the best player in the city and possibly the whole of Russia.

</p><p>His first international tournament was <a href="Berlin_1881_chess_tournament" title="Berlin 1881 chess tournament">Berlin 1881</a>, where he was equal third (+10−5=1) with <a href="Szymon_Winawer" title="Szymon Winawer">Szymon Winawer</a>, behind <a href="Johannes_Zukertort" title="Johannes Zukertort">Johannes Zukertort</a> and <a href="Joseph_Henry_Blackburne" title="Joseph Henry Blackburne">Joseph Henry Blackburne</a>. This event included 17 master competitors.

</p><p>At the great <a href="London_1883_chess_tournament" title="London 1883 chess tournament">London tournament of 1883</a>, he finished fourth (+16−10=0) behind Zukertort, <a href="Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a> and Blackburne. The 14 competitors in this double round robin event included practically all of the best chessplayers in the world.

</p><p>At the very strong <a href="American_Chess_Congress#Sixth_American_Chess_Congress_(1889)" title="American Chess Congress">tournament of New York 1889</a> he was equal first with <a href="Max_Weiss" title="Max Weiss">Max Weiss</a>. Following this great success he challenged the world champion Steinitz for a match with the <a href="World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Championship</a> at stake.

</p><p><a href="World_Chess_Championship_1889" title="World Chess Championship 1889">The World Championship match</a> was played at <a href="Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> in 1889, but he lost 10½–6½ (+6−10=1). <a href="World_Chess_Championship_1892" title="World Chess Championship 1892">A second World Championship match</a> was played also at Havana in 1892, but he narrowly lost 12½–10½ (+8−10=5).

</p><p>His overall record against Steinitz was very close (+24−27=8). He also played a much publicised 'telegraph match' against Steinitz in 1890, devised to settle a theoretical argument. Chigorin had the slight advantage of choosing the openings in advance from a list supplied by Steinitz and duly won both games.

</p><p>Towards the end of the century, his standing at home and abroad continued to rise, and he was in the world's top four or five players. His reputation as a match player too, continued to grow. He drew an 1893 match with <a href="Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Siegbert Tarrasch</a> in <a href="Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> (+9−9=4) and in his lifetime, maintained a narrow plus score against Tarrasch (+14−13=8), who was a fearsome player in his own right. He had a strong plus score against <a href="Richard_Teichmann" title="Richard Teichmann">Richard Teichmann</a> (+8−3=1), but a poor record versus <a href="David_Janowski" class="mw-redirect" title="David Janowski">David Janowski</a> (+4−17=4). Most of his losses to Janowski occurred late in Chigorin's life, when he was past his best.

</p><p>In all likelihood, his best performance occurred at the <a href="Hastings_1895_chess_tournament" title="Hastings 1895 chess tournament">Hastings 1895 chess tournament</a>, where he placed second, ahead of reigning world champion <a href="Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a>, Tarrasch and former world champion Steinitz. All of the greatest players of the time participated in the event and Chigorin's outstanding result included winning his individual encounter with tournament victor, <a href="Harry_Nelson_Pillsbury" title="Harry Nelson Pillsbury">Harry Nelson Pillsbury</a>. Pillsbury had great respect for Chigorin's ability and for good reason, as Chigorin had a marginal lifetime plus score against him (+8−7=6). Although Chigorin had a poor record against Lasker in serious play (+1−8=4), he was victorious with the black pieces in their first game of this 1895 tournament, in which he outplayed Lasker in a classic two <a href="Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">knights</a> versus two <a href="Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">bishops</a> <a href="Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">ending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In other major competitions, he was joint winner at <a href="Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> 1896, and beat <a href="Rudolf_Charousek" title="Rudolf Charousek">Rudolf Charousek</a> (+3−1) in the playoff. At <a href="Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> in 1898, he was equal second with Charousek and <a href="Wilhelm_Cohn" title="Wilhelm Cohn">Wilhelm Cohn</a> after <a href="Amos_Burn" title="Amos Burn">Amos Burn</a>. His 7th-place finish at <a href="London_1899_chess_tournament" title="London 1899 chess tournament">London 1899</a> was disappointing in comparison, but this was another tournament notable for its impressive list of participants. At <a href="Monte_Carlo_chess_tournament" title="Monte Carlo chess tournament">Monte Carlo</a> 1901, he placed equal third after Janowski and <a href="Carl_Schlechter" title="Carl Schlechter">Carl Schlechter</a>.

</p><p>A highly skilled exponent of <a href="Gambit" title="Gambit">gambit</a> lines, he won the <a href="King's_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a>-themed <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> Tournament of 1903 and defeated Lasker (+2−1=3) in a sponsored <a href="Rice_Gambit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice Gambit">Rice Gambit</a> tournament in <a href="Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>. The latter was however something of a hollow victory, as it was emerging that the Rice Gambit was unsound and so, playing the black side in each game gave him a distinct advantage. He was also perhaps the most skilled 19th century practitioner of the <a href="Evans_Gambit" title="Evans Gambit">Evans Gambit</a>, which featured in many of his great duels with Steinitz. At <a href="%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> 1906, in a four-person event, he finished second to <a href="Akiba_Rubinstein" title="Akiba Rubinstein">Akiba Rubinstein</a>.

</p><p>Alongside these international events, he also entered and won the first three <a href="Russian_Chess_Championship" title="Russian Chess Championship">All-Russia Tournaments</a> of 1899, 1900/01 and <a href="Kiev_1903_chess_tournament" title="Kiev 1903 chess tournament">1903</a>. These prestigious successes further cemented his reputation as Russia's best player. Upon losing the fourth such event in 1906, he challenged the winner <a href="Gersz_Salwe" title="Gersz Salwe">Gersz Salwe</a> to a match and came out the victor (+7−5=3).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_demeanour">Style and demeanour</h2></div>

<p>His playing style featured a well-honed tactical ability and an imaginative approach to the opening. He rejected many of the inflexible doctrines put forward by Tarrasch and Steinitz, but accepted Steinitz' teachings about the soundness of the defensive centre. Indeed, he went on to add to the development of the concept through the work he carried out with closed variations of the <a href="Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a>. He also pioneered some variations of the <a href="Slav_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav Defence">Slav Defence</a>. A large bearded man, Chigorin was described as 'decidedly handsome'.

</p><p><a href="Frank_Marshall_(chess_player)" title="Frank Marshall (chess player)">Frank Marshall</a> once commented on the highly agitated state that would possess Chigorin when faced with difficult positions. Aside from the usual frantic foot-tapping and crossing of legs, he would occasionally become "a bundle of nerves", at which point his temperament could turn "quite fierce".

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2></div>

<p>As an ambassador for Russian chess, Chigorin was a shining example; he gave many lectures, wrote magazine articles and chess columns and subsidised or otherwise supported a number of periodicals to keep them afloat despite low readership levels. He also founded a chess club in Saint Petersburg and tried for many years to establish a chess association, an attempt that finally succeeded just a few years after his death.

</p><p>According to the Canadian International Master <a href="Lawrence_Day" title="Lawrence Day">Lawrence Day</a>, Chigorin travelled with the young <a href="Fedor_Bogatyrchuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedor Bogatyrchuk">Fedor Bogatyrchuk</a> to Russian events in the 1905–1907 period, helping to train him. After moving to Canada following World War II, Bogatyrchuk then trained Day.

</p><p>By 1907, Chigorin's health (both mental and physical) started to decline dramatically. He failed badly in a chess tournament. He was clearly not in good health and was diagnosed by doctors in <a href="Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Carlsbad</a> with an advanced and untreatable case of <a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>. This prompted a prediction that he had only months to live, whereupon he returned to his estranged wife and daughter in <a href="Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> and died the following January. Not long before he died Chigorin had an emotional outburst and burned his chess set. In 1909, a <a href="Chigorin_Memorial" title="Chigorin Memorial">Chigorin Memorial</a> tournament was played in St. Petersburg. After that many more followed: from 1947 onwards mainly in <a href="Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> and from 1990 back in Saint Petersburg.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

<p>Through his original talent, lively games and prolific teachings, many Russians regard Mikhail Chigorin as the founder of their "<a href="School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a>", later to become known as the <a href="Soviet_Chess_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Chess School">Soviet School of Chess</a>. Overshadowed to some extent in the 1920s by the exciting new theories of the <a href="Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">hypermodern movement</a>, Chigorin's influence nevertheless demands a prominent and permanent place in the Soviet chess hegemony of the 20th century.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Openings">Openings</h3></div>

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<p>Chigorin has several <a href="Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">chess openings</a> or variations of openings <a href="List_of_chess_openings_named_after_people" title="List of chess openings named after people">named</a> after him, the two most important being the Chigorin Variation of the <a href="Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a> (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 Na5 10.Bc2 c5 11.d4 Qc7) and the <a href="Chigorin_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Chigorin Defence">Chigorin Defence</a> to the <a href="Queen's_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a> (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6). Whilst the former has remained popular through the 1900s, the latter struggled to attract a great many devotees until relatively recently. <a href="Igor_Miladinovi%C4%87_(chess_player)" title="Igor Miladinović (chess player)">Igor Miladinović</a> has used the Chigorin Defence with great regularity, but its current revival owes much to the efforts of <a href="Alexander_Morozevich" title="Alexander Morozevich">Alexander Morozevich</a>, who has championed the opening both in play and in his book – <i>The Chigorin Defence According To Morozevich</i> (published 2007).

</p><p>Another opening line invented by Chigorin is 1.e4 e6 2.Qe2 in the <a href="French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a>. It is now generally regarded as a forerunner of <a href="King's_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Indian">King's Indian</a> setups, but Chigorin also played it with other ideas (such as b2–b3) in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

<p>A famous Chigorin game played against Steinitz in 1892 is used as the base for the plot of <i><a href="The_Squares_of_the_City" title="The Squares of the City">The Squares of the City</a></i>, a 1965 science-fiction novel by <a href="John_Brunner_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brunner (novelist)">John Brunner</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1036398">Emanuel Lasker vs Mikhail Chigorin (1895)</a> at www.chessgames.com</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.chessvibes.com/columns/chigorins-queen-move/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115105350/http://www.chessvibes.com/columns/chigorins-queen-move/">Archived</a> 2010-01-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Arne Moll, <i>Chigorin's Queen Move</i> (2009) at ChessVibes.com</span>

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<p><b>Bibliography</b>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_Jimmy1987" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Jimmy (1987). <i>Mikhail Chigorin: The Creative Chess Genius</i>. Caissa Editions. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-939433-05-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHooper,_David_and_Kenneth_Whyld1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a> and <a href="Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Kenneth Whyld</a> (1996). <i><a href="The_Oxford_Companion_To_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Companion To Chess">The Oxford Companion To Chess</a></i>. Oxford University. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-280049-3</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mikhail_Chigorin" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=10016">Mikhail Chigorin</a> player profile and games at <a href="Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630173402/http://supreme-chess.com/famous-chess-players/mikhail-chigorin.html">Mikhail Chigorin</a> download 171 of his games in pgn format.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000079820917">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5724773">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/179964">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwHbQD8CrR9b7kYfvFFrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118666193">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86009367">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14976128t">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17064118p">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14976128t">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17064118p">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2010581149&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p075036444">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90191325">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Чигорин, Михаил Иванович, 1850-1908"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000311928&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810693860305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259750605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118666193.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/0ea24763-e02f-4871-8931-c3cb492d18f3">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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